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Consider a population where a certain characteristic occurs with probability \(p\) (for example, a voter supporting a candidate).
We take a random sample of size \(n\). Let \(X_1, X_2, \dots, X_n\) be independent random variables where \(X_i=1\) if the characteristic is present (success) and \(X_i=0\) otherwise (failure).
The sample proportion, denoted by \(\hat{P}\), is defined as the sum of successes divided by the sample size:$$ \hat{P} = \frac{X_1 + X_2 + \dots + X_n}{n} $$
  1. Recall the mean \(E(X_i)\) and variance \(V(X_i)\) for a single Bernoulli variable.
  2. Using the properties of expectation, determine the mean of the sample proportion, \(E(\hat{P})\).
  3. Using the properties of variance for independent variables, determine the variance of the sample proportion, \(V(\hat{P})\).
  4. Deduce the formula for the standard deviation (standard error) of the sample proportion, \(\sigma(\hat{P})\).

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